This book is intended to help learner in the new lower secondary curriculum to identify projects and learn through them. The projects in this book are identified depending on the competency of the different chapters in senior one and two chemistry. Using the projects in the book, a learner can identify another project. Projects are assignments given to the learner to be done over a certain period of time. Learners are expected to come up with a tangible product. Projects promote the following  Innovativeness  Creativity  Problem solving  Collaborative skill  Time management  Research skill  Critical thinking  Values After following the projects in this book, a learner is supposed to think and come up with another project by themselves with the guidance of the teacher. Developing a project involves;  Identification of the project: tittle (aligned to the chapter); objectives  Organization: This involves planning, method/way of doing the project, resources to used, carrying out the project using the method identified, summarizing how much i going to be invested in the project.  Report writing: this involves writing a document about project. It comprises of; title, objective, procedures/methods, result, analyzing, conclusion.  Project work is going to contribute 10% of the school based assessment. In this book, by the end of every project, there is a table where result of each learner will be entered according to aspect assessed in each project. The book also has summarized of what I learnt in each chapter and end of chapter questions that help a learner to follow what is covered in each chapter.

This book is intended for use by students of S.1 – S.4 preparing for Uganda Certificate of Education (UCE). The book covers the entire syllabus recommended by National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) in conjunction with Ministry of Education and Sports. A lot of theoretical treatment of the mole concept especially calculations have been treated well; mathematical concepts required in this topic have been simplified. In Electrolysis, key terms involved and explanations have been given utmost treatment to enhance learning and understanding. This book has been carefully planned to enable students understand the subject and be able to make conclusions. At the end of every topic, enough exercises have been included to keep students busy and testing the understanding of the topic. With this book’’essentials of Chemistry” hardworking and serious students are destined to excel. It is hoped that the book will be useful to both teachers and students to enhance the mastery of the subject. Use this book always and success will automatically be yours.

Sciences and Mathematics at O level is to improve the academic achievements and interest of learners. The idea of integrating technology into sciences and mathematics at lower secondary education was conceived after realising that Science and Mathematics teaching at this level hardly generated interest in the learners. In addition, these learners were lacking in practical skills and rarely applied science and mathematics to everyday life situations. The National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) has developed this new approach of teaching Science and Mathematics by including practical activities that enable learners to come up with products or be able to offer services to the community leading to national sustainable development by generating their own income.

study of chemistry to Cambridge IGCSE. The different chapters in this book are split up into short topics. At the end of many of these topics are questions to test whether you have understood what you have read. At the end of each chapter there are larger study questions. Try to answer as many of the questions as you can as you come across them because asking and answering questions is at the heart of your study of chemistry. Some questions in the style of Cambridge IGCSE examination papers are included at the end of the book. In many cases they are designed to test your ability to apply your chemical knowledge. The questions may provide certain facts and ask you to make an interpretation of them. In such cases, the factual information may not be covered in the text. To help draw attention to the more important words, scientifi c terms are printed in bold the fi rst time they are used. There are also checklists at the end of each chapter summarising the important points covered. As you read through the book, you will notice three sorts of shaded area in the text. that the book is divided into four different areas of chemistry: Starter, Physical, Inorganic and Organic chemistry. We feel, however, that some topics lead naturally on to other topics not in the same area. So you can, of course, read and study the chapters in your own preferred order and the colour coding will help you with this. The accompanying Revision CD-ROM provides invaluable exam preparation and practice. We want to test your knowledge with interactive questions that cover both the Core and Extended curriculum. These are organised by syllabus topic. Together, the textbook and CD-ROM will provide you with the information you need for the Cambridge IGCSE syllabus. We hope you enjoy using them.

The writing of this book was inspired by the desire of the author to make an indelible contribution to the educational system of our beloved country, Zambia. The project started in the form of notes that the author was using to teach his Senior Secondary School Biology Classes over a period of nine years. The notes were widely researched and proven through the good grades his students were scoring in Zambian and International Examinations. In addition, they were frequently edited to make them conform to the demands of the Zambian Biology Syllabus produced by the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC). It was not long before there was an outcry to have the notes converted into a book. By that time, the author had been setting examinations for the Examinations Council of Zambia (ECZ) for a considerable number of years. With the help of some of his students, notably Zameer and Shawn Banda, the first manuscript was typed in 2006 and produced in the form of pamphlet. The pamphlet served two purposes. Firstly, it was used for instruction during classes. Most importantly, it was availed to several teachers and pupils who gave invaluable advice. This advice has been taken into account in producing the final copy of this first edition of the book. In a nutshell, the book provides a very solid foundation to beginners and basic experience to those who wish to pursue further studies in Biological Sciences.